职业行为准则

规则1.2:代理范围

 (a) A lawyer shall abide by a client’s decisions concerning the objectives of representation, 除第(c)段规定外, (d), 和(e), and shall consult with the client as to the means by which they are to be pursued. 澳博app可以代表被默示授权进行代理的委托人采取此类行动. 澳博app应当遵守委托人是否接受和解提议的决定. 在刑事案件中, the lawyer shall abide by the client’s decision, after consultation with the lawyer, 至于要进行的抗辩, 是否放弃陪审团审判, and whether the client will testify.
   (b) A lawyer’s representation of a client, including representation by appointment, does not constitute an endorsement of the client’s political, 经济, 社会, 或道德观点或道德活动.
   (c)如果限制在当时情况下是合理的，并且当事人知情同意，澳博app可以限制代理的范围.
   (d)政府澳博app对有关代理的决定的权力和控制可能, 通过法规或规章, be expanded beyond the limits imposed by paragraphs (a) and (c).
   (e) A lawyer shall not counsel a client to engage, 或协助客户, in conduct that the lawyer knows is criminal or fraudulent, 但是，澳博app可以与客户讨论任何拟议的行为过程的法律后果，并可以为客户提供咨询或协助客户作出善意的努力来确定其有效性, 范围, 意义, 或者法律的应用.
   (f)当澳博app知道委托人所期望的协助是《澳博app下载网》或其他法律所不允许的, 澳博app应当与委托人协商有关限制澳博app行为的规定.

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代理范围
   [1]澳博app和委托人在代理的目的和方式上都有权力和责任. 客户对法律代表服务的目的有最终决定权, within the limits imposed by law and the lawyer’s professional obligations. 在这些范围内, 客户也有权就实现这些目标所使用的手段与澳博app进行协商. 同时, 澳博app不应仅仅因为委托人希望澳博app这样做就被要求追求目标或采用手段. A clear distinction between objectives and means sometimes cannot be drawn, and in many cases the client-lawyer relationship partakes of a joint undertaking. 在手段问题上, the lawyer should assume responsibility for technical and legal tactical issues, 但是，对于可能产生的费用和对可能受到不利影响的第三方的关注等问题，应听从客户的意见. Law defining the lawyer’s 范围 of authority in litigation varies among jurisdictions.
   [2] In a case in which the client appears to be suffering mental disability, the lawyer’s duty to abide by the client’s decisions is to be guided by reference to 规则1.14.

Independence From Client’s Views or Activities
   [3]不应拒绝向无力支付法律服务费用的人提供法律代理, or whose cause is controversial or the subject of popular disapproval. 同样的道理, representing a client does not constitute approval of the client’s views or activities.

Services Limited in Objectives or Means
   [4]澳博app所提供服务的目标或范围可能受到与委托人的协议或向委托人提供澳博app服务的条款的限制. For example, a retainer may be for a specifically defined purpose. 通过法律援助机构提供的代理，可以受该机构处理案件种类的限制. When a lawyer has been retained by an insurer to represent an insured, the representation may be limited to matters related to the insurance coverage. The terms upon which representation is undertaken may exclude specific objectives or means. 此种限制可以排除澳博app认为令人反感或轻率的目的或手段. 规则1.第5(b)条要求澳博app在建立新的澳博app-客户关系时就其代理的范围进行沟通, 一般而言，谨慎的做法是，澳博app应书面解释对其服务目标或范围的任何限制.
   [5]关于代理范围的协议必须符合《澳博app下载网》和其他法律. 因此, 不得要求客户同意在有限的范围内进行代理，以免违反规则1.1, 或者放弃终止澳博app服务的权利，或者放弃解决澳博app可能希望继续进行的诉讼的权利.
   [6]规则1.5(b)要求澳博app在未定期为客户代理的情况下，以书面形式告知澳博app代理的范围. In all matters involving limited 范围 representation, it is generally prudent for a lawyer to state in writing any limitation on representation, provide the client with a written summary of considerations discussed, 并获得客户对澳博app有限代理的书面知情同意. The term, "informed consent" is defined in 规则1.0(e) and is discussed in 评论 28 to 规则1.7. 澳博app还应认识到，对于更成熟的商业客户而言，足够的信息和讨论可能不足以让不那么成熟的客户提供知情同意. 见规则1的注释28.7.

Criminal, Fraudulent, and Prohibited Transactions
   [7]澳博app被要求对当事人的行为可能造成的实际后果给出诚实的意见. 客户在犯罪或欺诈行为过程中使用咨询意见的事实不属于违法行为, 本身, make a lawyer a party to the course of action. However, a lawyer may not knowingly assist a client in criminal or fraudulent conduct. 提出对可疑行为的法律方面的分析和建议犯罪或欺诈行为可以不受惩罚的手段之间有一个关键的区别.
   [8] When the client’s course of action has already begun and is continuing, the lawyer’s responsibility is especially delicate. The lawyer is required to avoid assisting the client, 例如, 通过起草或提供澳博app知道是欺诈的文件，或通过暗示如何掩盖不法行为. 澳博app不得继续协助当事人从事原本认为合法但后来发现是犯罪或欺诈的行为. The lawyer must, therefore, withdraw from the representation of the client in the matter. 看到 规则1.16(a). In some cases, withdrawal alone might be insufficient. 澳博app可能有必要通知撤回的事实，并否认任何意见, 文档, 确认书之类的. 见规则4.1.
   [9] Where the client is a fiduciary, the lawyer may be charged with special obligations in dealings with a beneficiary.
   [10] Paragraph (e) applies whether or not the defrauded party is a party to the transaction. 因此, a lawyer should not participate in a sham transaction, 例如, a transaction to effectuate criminal or fraudulent escape of tax liability. (e)款不排除对为合法企业提供法律服务的一般澳博app进行刑事辩护. (e)款的最后一条承认，确定一项法规或条例的有效性或解释可能需要采取不遵守该法规或条例或政府当局对其作出的解释的行动.